Humourous answers,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,!

YOU MAY THINK THE ANSWERS ARE FUNNY. BUT THEY ARE THE CORRECT ANSWERS.
THINK BEYOND BOUNDARIES


                                                                           
Awesome Answers In IAS (Indian Administrative Service)  Examination        
                                                                           
                                                                           
Q. How can you drop a raw egg onto a concrete floor without cracking it?  
A. Concrete floors are very hard to crack! (UPSC Topper)                  
                                                                         
Q. If it took eight men ten hours to build a wall, how long would it take  
four men to build it?                                                    
A. No time at all it is already built. (UPSC 23rd Rank Opted for IFS)    
                                                                         
Q. If you had three apples and four oranges in one hand and four apples    
and three oranges in the other hand, what would you have?                
A. Very large hands. (Good one) (UPSC 11 Rank Opted for IPS)              
                                                                         
Q. How can you lift an elephant with one hand?                            
A. you will never find an elephant with one hand. (UPSC Rank 14 Opted for  
IES)                                                                      
                                                                         
Q. How can a man go eight days without sleep?                            
A. No Probs, He sleeps at night. (UPSC IAS Rank 98)                      
                                                                         
Q.. If you throw a red stone into the blue sea what it will become?      
A. It will Wet or Sink as simple as that. (UPSC IAS Rank 2)                
                                                                         
Q. What looks like half apple ?                                          
A: The other half. (UPSC - IAS Topper )                                  
                                                                         
Q. What can you never eat for breakfast?                                  
A: Dinner.                                                                
                                                                         
Q. Bay of Bengal is in which state?                                      
A: Liquid (UPSC 33 Rank)                                                                                                                              
Interviewer said "I shall either ask you ten easy questions or one really  
difficult question. Think well before you make up your mind!" The boy      
thought for a while and said, "my choice is one really difficult          
question." "Well, good luck to you, you have made your own choice! Now    
tell me this.   
                                                           
"What comes first, Day or Night?" 
                                         
The boy was jolted into reality as his admission depends on the            
correctness of his answer, but he thought for a while and said, "It's the  
DAY sir!"   
                                                               
"How" the interviewer asked.                                              
"Sorry sir, you promised me that you will not ask me a SECOND difficult    
question!"   
                                                             
He was selected for IIM!

How to manage the mammoth syllabus of NET Exam..........

UGC-CSIR net exam has really huge syllabus which is a major problem faced by many students including me. But I have found out some tricks which can be helpful to solve this problem. I am sharing that in this blog.

I have studied the syllabus thoroughly and found that it has two distinct broad categories.. I have given these two funny names (taken from Gulliver's Travels)  ;-)

And these names has significance..
1.  Lilliput
2.  Brobdingnag

Now in exam questions come from these two sections in equal fashions.. i.e, 50% questions comes from Lilliput & 50% comes from Brobdingnag (Study previous year questions & u wl find out tho in some years it may come in 60:40 ratio but that is bit rare)

Now, why I have named these in this way?

First come to Lilliput.. These includes all molecular level studies. Like Mol bio, genetics,biochem,techniques,cell bio,dev bio,immunology ( I think I have made it clear why I have named so coz these areas mainly cover the molecular level biology)

 

Secondly come to Brobdingnag.. These mainly covers the above species level biology mainly covering Ecology, Evolution,Adaptaton.Taxonomy,Zoology,Botany,Behaviour,wildlife etc.. So I named it like this way as its mainly deals with the field biology.

Now thats naming was for fun ;-) now I am coming to the major point.

If one student aspires to work in the field biology in future then they should only focus on category 2. Read it like anything. Make it your passion. Don't miss a single point. Read all national & international books possible. Practice as much as you can. Bcoz u r going to be a scientist so nation expects something from you. There should b a differnce between you and other students. Be an expert in this field. 

But if u r planning to choose the 1st category then do the same. Work hard as much as u can on 1st category.

It usually takes one year to fully prepare for this exam. And this time is not short either to read atleast one international book from each topic.

Say I like to opt option 1, then I must have read 1 international edition book for each topic. Say for mol bio I read weaver, for genetics russel, for biochem voet n voet, for cell bio cooper, for technique wilson n walker, for dev bio gilbert, for immunology abbas.. so it roughly comes 7 books(for option 2 also it wl hardly comes 7-8books).. that is more than sufficient!!!!

Reading 7 books thoroughly is more than sufficient to prepare urself fully. U have 12 months time. Complete one book in each month. Practice questions between, last 5 months devote urself in solving questions. And u can easily come out with flying colours!!

But one important note whether u choose Lilliput or Brobdingnag dont overlook the others part completely. Do read some important topics from other side also(just for a moodchange!!).. but for ur major part don't just read what is given in syllabus but read the whole book & u wl see that u have automatically covered the whole syllabus. But for the other part see the syllabus, read what seems important to u. Or take help of previous year questions for that case. Bcoz knowing a little bit about the other part actually helps in carrying extra marks.

I hope this strategy will help you :-)
- kakalighoshal

INFORMATION ON SOME COMPUTER VIRUSES,,,,,,,,,,,,,,!!!!

http://www.newmail.co.in/information-on-some-common-computer-viruses/

To have a strong protection against viruses through a reliable anti-virus program today has become a mandate. A computer virus has the ability to get into your PC through a program, document or internet; they can alter the functioning of your PC and hamper the normal execution of programs running on your computer. Like biological viruses computer can multiply fast and it is very important to have a reliable computer support and online computer support until you yourself are a computer engineer.

There are various kinds of viruses and they can attack your PC in various ways. All viruses have unique properties and this property makes them more dangerous and difficult to control. As a result it is important that the PC users have a minimum knowledge of common virus issues. Today you can find ample study material on Trojan removal support; however understanding as well as implementing the technical points is not easy for many. If that is true in your case too, go for online computer support or computer troubleshooting service.

Cap Virus: Cap Virus can enter into your PC through the Microsoft Word documents; this virus has several encrypted macros. The symptoms of this virus are, you will always get the file saved in DOC extension, whichever format you save the documents in. Latest virus scanners have the ability to remove this virus.

CIH virus: CIH virus can affect Windows 95 or Windows 98 EXE files. After the infected EXE is run, it continues to stay in the memory and infects programs whenever accessed. CIH virus has the ability to overwrite Flash BIOS chip. The virus can be deleted through the latest anti-virus application.

VBS/SST@MM script virus: The symptom of having VBS/SST@MM script virus is, it mails the addresses in Windows Address book; moreover it infects registry by adding 2 keys. The way to delete this virus is by obtaining latest update or DAT file using the virus protection software installed in the PC.

If you are a novice or in any case are unable to carry out the virus removal yourself online computer troubleshooting service or computer tech help is the best option. The online computer support professionals provide more services apart from virus removal support as well as trojan removal support online using the remote PC technology. The best thing about online Computer Technical Support Service is that they come cheap and are available 24 * 7.

INTERESTING,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,!!!!!!!!!!!

There are many companies / brands / products whose names were derived from strange circumstances/things/happenings.  Mercedes

This was actually the financier's daughter's name.
Adobe

This came from name of the river Adobe Creek that ran behind the house of founder John Warnock.
Apple Computers

It was the favorite fruit of founder Steve Jobs. He was three months late in filing a name for the business, and he threatened to call his company Apple
Computers if the other colleagues didn't suggest a better name by 5 O'clock that evening.
CISCO

It is not an acronym as popularly believed. It is short for San Francisco .
Compaq

This name was formed by using COMp, for computer, and PAQ to denote a small integral object.
Corel

The name was derived from the founder's name Dr. Michael Cowpland. It stands forCOwpland REsearchLaboratory.
Google

The name started as a joke boasting about the amount of information the search-engine would be able to search. It was originally named 'Googol', a word for the number represented by 1 followed by 100 zeros. After founders- Stanford graduate students Sergey Brin and Larry Page presented their project to an angel investor, they received a cheque made out to 'Google' ...thus the name.
Hotmail

Founder Jack Smith got the idea of accessing e-mail via the web from a computer anywhere in the world. When Sabeer Bhatia came up with the business plan for the mail service, he tried all kinds of names ending in 'mail' and finally settled for hotmail as it included the letters "html" - the programming language used to write web pages. It was initially referred to as HoTMaiL with selective uppercasing.
Hewlett Packard
Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard tossed a coin to decide whether the company they founded would be called Hewlett-Packard or Packard-Hewlett. 
Intel
Bob Noyce and Gordon Moore wanted to name their new company ' Moore Noyce'but that was already trademarked by a hotel chain so they had to settle for an acronym of INTegrated ELectronics.
Lotus (Notes)

Mitch Kapor got the name for his company from 'The Lotus Position' or 'Padmasana'. Kapoor used to be a teacher of Transcendental Meditation of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi.

Microsoft

Coined by Bill Gates to represent the company that was devoted to MICROcomputerSOFTware. Originally christened Micro-Soft, the '-' was removed later on. 
Motorola
Founder Paul Galvin came up with this name when his company started manufacturing radios for cars. The popular radio company at the time was called Victrola. 
ORACLE

Larry Ellison and Bob Oats were working on a consulting project for the CIA (Central Intelligence Agency). The code name for the project was called
Oracle (the CIA saw this as the system to give answers to all questions or something such). The project was designed to help use the newly written SQL code by IBM. The project eventually was terminated but Larry and Bob decided to finish what they started and bring it to the world. They kept the name Oracle and created the RDBMS engine. Later they kept the same name for the company.
Sony
It originated from the Latin word 'sonus' meaning sound, and 'sonny' a slang used by Americans to refer to a bright youngster.
SUN

Founded by 4 Stanford University buddies, SUN is the acronym for StanfordUniversity Network. Andreas Bechtolsheim built a microcomputer; Vinod Khosla recruited him and Scott McNealy to manufacture computers based on it, and Bill Joy to develop a UNIX-based OS for the computer. 
Yahoo!

The word was invented by Jonathan Swift and used in his book 'Gulliver's Travels'. It represents a person who is repulsive in appearance and action and is
barely human. Yahoo! Founders Jerry Yang and David Filo selected the name because they considered themselves yahoos.

nterest5ng Factz!!

3 interesting facts about Windows

1. You can’t create a folder named “con”, without d help of any code!!

2. Write following text into notepad:

“bush hid the facts”

save file & re-open & see magic

3. Open Microsoft Word & type:

=rand(200, 99)

Biotechnology questionz!!

Today's SET 1 questions are:

1. What do you understand by endosperm culture? What is its significance? How it can help combat the problem of deforestation?

Q1. Endosperm is the tissue produced under the seeds of most flowering plants during fertilization. It surrounds the embryo and provides nutrition in the form of starch, oils and protein. Tissue culture methods used for culturing endosperm are known as endosperm culture, the basic steps involved in tissue culture are:

1. The immature seeds are dissected under aseptic conditions and endosperms along with embryos, are excised;
2. The excised endosperms are cultured on a suitable medium and embryos are removed after initial growth;
3. The initial callus phase is followed by 'embryogenesis' or 'shoot bud differentiation'
4. The shoots and roots may subsequently develop and complete triploid plants can be established for further use.

Significance:

1. Endosperm culture has been used to produce triploid plants as they are useful for production of seedless fruits (apple, banana, watermelon)
2. Endosperm culture has been used for the production of of trisomics for cytogenetic studies
3. Triploid plants produced by endosperm culture were found to be more vigorous than the parents for e.g. Petunia axillaris
4. Endosperm provides an experimental system for studying biosynthesis and metabolism of natural products e.g. Endosperm of coffee was shown to sysnthesize caffine
5. Triploid production by conventional method is laborious and may be unsuccesful. In such cases, endosperm culture is the only feasible technique

Deforestation refers to the cutting, clearing, and removal of rainforest or related ecosystems into less bio-diverse ecosystems such as pasture, cropland, or plantations. Endoperm culture can combat the problem of deforestation in the following ways:

1. Generally for afforestation seedling are planted but it may happen that the seeds may be destroyed by the insects rodents etc. Using Endosperm culture afforestation can be achieved without seeds ensuring 100 percent accuracy.
2. The time period for growth of plants is shortned using endosperm culture
3. Propagation of species which are on the verge of extinction can be brought about by the endosperm culture.

1. How the overexpression of a transgene be enhanced in a transformed cell?

Q2. A transgene is a gene that is introduced into a cell or animal from an external source.The over expression of transgene can be achieved by two ways:

1. Using inducible promoters: The transgene is placed is under the control of a inducible promoter for its experssion. These inducible promoters used to control transgene expression respond to chemicals. These chemical are added in the culture medium of the transfected cell. The chemical stimulation brings about activation and expression of the transgene. Thus more the amount of chemical more expression of the transgene will occur.

2. Using regulatory transcription factor: For the activation of the transgene certain transcription factors are required. Thus the trangene is said to be regulated by that transcription factor. Transcription factor's activity is controlled by the external stimulus or chemical. Since the chemical stimulus can activate only a particlar transcription factor which is required by that transgene no coincidental activation of other genes can occur. Thus when the concentration of the chemical or the stimulus increases in the surrounding overexpression of the transgene can be achieved.

Biotechnika Questions3

What is Protein Splicing? How it is different from AutoProteolysis? 

How Functional Complementation is used for Screening of Transformed cells from untransformed cells?

Describe Gubler-Hoffman Method?     

Answers:


 Protein splicingis an intramolecular reaction of a particular protein in which an internal protein segment (called an intein) is removed from a precursor protein with a ligation of C-terminal and N-terminal external proteins (calledexteins) on both sides.  The protein splicing reactions which are known now do not require exogenous cofactors or energy sources such as ATP, GTP. 
Autoproteolysis is a self degradation process in which protein (intein and extein) lysis occur without further ligation while in protein splicing intiens are removed and extiens are ligated back.  
 
2) Some vectors contain a gene which complements a function missing in their host cells eg. Gene lacZ alpha in pUC vector, whch complement such lacZ- E. coli strain in which lacZ alpha is deleted. in such case the DNA insert is so placed that it disrupt the function of lacZ alpha in the recombinant DNA.therefor E.coli  cells containing the r-DNA are deficient in B-galactosidase and produse white colony on X-gal containing media, while other cell producing blue colonies.this is we can differentiate them.
 
3) It is a simple method for generating cDNA libraries from sub microgram quantities of mRNA. This procedure considerably simplifies the establishment of cDNA libraries and thus the cloning of low-abundance mRNAs.
Following are the stages:-
Stage1: Synthesis of First-strand cDNA Catalyzed by Reverse Transcriptase
Stage2: Second-strand Synthesis
Stage 3: Methylation ofcDNA
Stage 4: Attachment of Linkers or Adaptors
Stage5: Fractionation of cDNA by Gel Filtration through SepharoseCL-4B
Stage 6: Ligation of cDNA to Bacteriophage Arms
This  describes the conversion of poly(A)+ mRNA into first-strand cDNA in a reaction catalyzed by a murine RNaseH- reverse transcriptase and primed by oligo(dT), random hexamers,or prime-adapters.

Answers :

otein splicing is defined as the excision of an intervening protein sequence (the INTEIN) from a protein precursor and the concomitant ligation of the flanking protein fragments (the EXTEINS) to form a mature extein host protein and the free intein . Protein splicing results in a native peptide bond between the ligated exteins.

Extein ligation differentiates protein splicing from other forms of autoproteolysis

Q2. Functional Complementation is helpful in screening of transformed cells from untransformed cells can be explained with an example of blue/white colony screening in Ecoli. Strains of Ecoli like JM109, DH5α have a mutation in LacZ that deletes part of the β-galactosidase (lacZ) gene. By using a plasmid that contains the deleted portion, or α-fragment, the function of the β-galactosidase gene can be restored once the plasmid has been incorporated into the bacterium.
For blue/white colony screening, the plasmids have a multiple cloning region within the coding sequence of the α-fragment. When a sequence is inserted into this cloning region, the reading frame is disrupted, and a non-functional α-fragment is produced. This fragment is incapable of α-complementation. Growing the transformed bacteria on a plate containing 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoyl-β -D-galactopyranosidase (X-gal) will allow you to distinguish between bacterial colonies formed from cells that contain plasmid with insert from those containing plasmid without insert. Any colony containing the plasmid (and therefore the functioning β-galactosidase gene) will turn blue, a result of the β-galactosidase activity. This is called α-complementation (Functional Complementation)

Q3. The Gubler-Hoffman method, is a  simplified version of Okayama and Berg's method used for non directional cDNA cloning.

1. The cDNA first sysnthesis is primed by oligo(dt) and catalaysed by reverse transcriptase.
2. The second strand synthesis is achieved by nick translation repair of the cDNA:mRNA hybrid, mediated by E.coli DNA polymerase I, RNase H, and E.coli DNA ligase.
3. Methylate cDNA
4. Attach linkers or adaptors for cloning
5. Fractionate cDNA by size (select 2-8 kb)
6. Ligate cDNA into bacteriophage arms

Biotechnika Questions 2

1. Which amino acid forms disulphide bond & why?
2. Proteins are polymers of amino acids, with each amino acid residue joined to its neighbor by a specific type of covalent bond.What is meant by the term "residue" in this context?
3. What is Molten Globule?
4. How are the properties of an alpha helix different from a beta strand? How are they similar? How do each of these secondary structure affect theproperties of a protein, such as silk?

Answers :-

1-Cysteine amino acid can form disulphide bond because it contain –SH (sulphahydral) group. Disulphide bond form between two cysteine amino acid by removal of one H2 molecule by oxidation.


 2-In this context a ‘residue’ means an amino acid molecule that has lost a water molecule by becoming joined to a molecule of another amino acid. 

 3-A molten globule is a stable, partially folded protiene state found in mildly deaturing conditions such as low pH  mild denaturant, or high temperture. Molten globules are collapsed and generally have some native-like secodary sructure but a dynamic tertiary strcture as seen by far and near circular dichromism (CD) specroscopy, respectively. These traits are similar to those observed in the transient intermediate states found during the folding of certain proteins, especially globular protiens that undergo hydrophobic collapse, and therefore the term "molten globule" is also used to refer to certain  protien folding
intermediates corresponding to the narrowing region of the folding funnel higher in energy than the native state but lower than the denatured state. The molten globule ensembles sampled during protein folding and unfolding are thought to be roughly similar.
4-Alpha helix and beta-sheet conformations are the two main types of secondary structure of a protein molecule.
In the alpha-helix structure, the polypeptide curls longitudinally by the action of hydrogen bonds forming a spiral, or helix. In the beta-sheet conformation, the protein is more distended and the hydrogen bonds form a zig-zag-shaped protein structure called B-strand. Many assembled beta-strands make a beta-sheet.
Alpha helix and beta sheet both are secondary structure of protein and involve hydrogen bonds.
Silk is made up of the amino acids Gly-Ser-Gly-Ala and forms Beta pleated sheets. H-bonds form between chains, and side chains form above and below the plane of the H-bond network.
The high proportion (50%) of glycine, which is a small amino acid, allows tight packing and the fibers are strong and resistant to stretching. The tensile strength is due to the many interseeded hydrogen bonds. Since the protein forms a Beta sheet, when stretched the force is applied to these strong bonds and they do not break.

other answers for ques - 4 

Difference: (i) Alpha helix is formed by hydrogen bonds between carbonyl oxygen of first amino and amide N of fourth amino acid residues while beta sheet is formed when hydrogen bonds are formed between the carbonyl oxygens and amide hydrogens of two or more adjacent extended polypeptide chains.
(ii)alpha helix show intra chain hydrogen bonding and cross linking by disulphide bond is present while beta sheet show interchain hydrogen bonding.
(iii)alpha helix are tough, insoluble showing varying flexibility and hardness while beta sheets are soft, flexible filaments.
(iv)Alpha helix are right or left handed, while beta sheets are parallel or antiparallel.
(v)polar residues are found in beta sheet while is absent in former.
Proline occurs in beta-pleated sheet.
Similarity:Both are secondary structure of protein and are stabilized by hydrogen bond

The polypeptide chains of silk fibroin, a protein of silk worm are predominantly rich in the beta pleated conformation. Fibroin is rich in Ala and Gly residues, permitting a close packing of sheets and an interlocking arrangement of R groups. The overall structure is stabilized by extensive hydrogen bonding between all peptide linkages in the polypeptides of each sheet and by the optimization of van der Waals interactions between sheets. Silk does not stretch, because the conformation is already highly extended. However, the structure is flexible because the sheets are held together by numerous weak interactions rather than by covalent bonds in other proteins such as the disulfide bonds in alpha-keratins

Biotechnika Questions1

Name two nonpolar amno acids.

• 1a) Sickle cell anaemia results from a substitution of a valine for a glutamate. What do you expect the effect might be if mutation were to have placed a leucine at that site? Or an aspartate?

Which of the two photosystems operates at the most negative redox potential?

• 2a) Which among them generates the strongest reducing agent?
• 2b) Which among them must absorb 4 photons during each round of non cyclic photophosphorylation?
• 2c) Name some accessory pigments that surround each
  photosystem?

AnsWERS :-

1. There are eight amino acids with nonpolar side chains. Glycine, alanine, and proline have small, nonpolar side chains and are all weakly hydrophobic.
Phenylalanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, and methionine have larger side chains and are more strongly hydrophobic.

1a. Sickle cell anemia results is caused due to substitution of charged amino acid i.e glutamate (at the 6th position ) by valine which is non polar in nature hence due to the charge variance in the molecule the structure of the hemoglobin molecule changes drastically making it sickle shaped.
Leucine also has a non polar nature hence it would also result in abnormality of haemoglobin molecule.
However when you have a charged counterpart like aspartic acid which has the same equivalent charge and polar nature present in the molecule, replacing glutamate, it would not cause any abnormality in the haemoglobin molecule but would decrease the chain length by one Ch2 group which is additional in glutamate

Q2. PSI generates the most negative redox potential because it involves NADP+-NADPH coupled reaction which has a standard redox potential of -0.32V as compared to PSII which involves o2-H20 coupled reaction having a standard redox potential of +0.82V

Q2. a *** very imp** The strongest reducing agent is generated by photosystem Iit produces NADPH from NADP+
(note by:strong oxidising is produced by Photosystem II since it produces oxygen from water)

Q2b.Both the photosystems must absorb four photons.
(Explanation: The production of one molecule of oxygen requires the removal of four electrons from two water molecules.The removal of electrons from water requires the absorption of four photons, one for each electron. At the same time the reduction of one molecule of NADP+ requires transfer of 2 electrons. Thus hypotectically if only one photosystem were able to transfer electrons from H2O to NADP+, four photons would be sufficient to produce two molecules of NADPH. Because two photosystems are utilized in the cell that number is doubled to eight four being utilised by PSII and four in PSI.)

2 H2O + 2 NADP ----4Photons---> 1 O2 + 2 NADPH (Overall light reaction)

Q2c. Accessory Pigments are chlorophyll b (also c, d, and e in algae and protistans), xanthophylls, and carotenoids or phycobiliproteins (beta carotenoids)

vaccancy!!

Make your career at Cryobanks international as relationship Exec | B.Sc/B.Tech Biotech can apply

Cryobanks International India a JV between Cryobanks International USA and RJ Corp founded in 2006. Cryobanks International is a leader in the collection, processing and banking of umbilical cord blood stem cells.

Current vacancy:

Post: Relationship Executive

Job Description:

• Lead generation from OPDs and Clinincs
• Giving Home presentation
• Counseling regarding the concept of banking ones cord blood
• handling anti natal Classes
• Daily MIS

Required Skills:

• Good communication skill
• Comfprtable with home presentation
• Can do attitude
• Preferably from biotech background

Qualification & Experience

• exp- 0-2yrs
• qualification- MBA (Marketing)/B.Pharma/ B.Sc/B.Tech(biotech).
• In case of any other graduation stream then the person must be an MBA

Send your resume to: Nayantara@cryobanksindia.com